Questions On Storage Class Specifier
Ans: Please refer this link : http://cinterviewquestionandanswer.blogspot.in/2014/01/storage-class-specifier.html
There are 3 main uses for the static.
1. If you declare within a function: It retains the value between function calls.
2. If it is declared for a function name: By default function is extern..so it will be visible from other files if the function declaration is as static..it is invisible for the outer files.
3. Static for global variables: By default we can use the global variables from outside files If it is static global..that variable is limited to with in the file.
"The static storage class is used to declare an identifier that is a local variable either to a function or a file and that exists and retains its value after control passes from where it was declared. This storage class has a duration that is permanent. A variable declared of this class retains its value from one call of the function to the next. The scope is local. A variable is known only by the function it is declared within or if declared globally in a file, it is known or seen only by the functions within that file. This storage class guarantees that declaration of the variable also initializes the variable to zero or all bits off.
The extern storage class is used to declare a global variable that will be known to the functions in a file and capable of being known to all functions in a program. This storage class has a duration that is permanent. Any variable of this class retains its value until changed by another assignment. The scope is global. A variable can be known or seen by all functions within a program. ."
Static global :
Static variable has scope only in the file in which it is declared. it can't be accessed in any other file but its value remains intact if code is running in some other file means lifetime is in complete program .
Static local:
static local variable has scope in that function in which it is declared means it can't be used in other functions in the same file also, means scope is limited to the function in which it is declared while its life time is also through out the program.
You can’t declare a static variable without defining it as well (this is because the storage class modifiers static and extern are mutuallyexclusive). A static variable can be defined in a header file, but this would cause each source file that included the header file to have its own private copy of the variable, which is probably not what was intended.
No. The C spec actually says somewhere in it that the main function cannot be static.
The reason for this is that static means "don't let anything outside this source file use this object". The benefit is that it protects against name collisions in C when you go to link (it would be bad bad bad if you had two globals both named "is_initialized" in different files... they'd get silently merged, unless you made them static). It also allows the compiler to perform certain optimizations that it wouldn't be able to otherwise. These two reasons are why static is a nice thing to have.
Since you can't access static functions from outside the file, how would the OS be able to access the main function to start your program? That's why main can't be static.
Some compilers treat "main" specially and might silently ignore you when you declare it static.
Refer This link: http://cinterviewquestionandanswer.blogspot.in/2014/01/memory-layout-of-c-programs.html
8.What is volatile variable means?
volatile has nothing to deal with storage class.
volatile just tells the compiler or force the compiler to "not to do the optimization" for that variable. so compiler would not optimize the code for that variable and reading the value from the specified location, not through interal register which holds the previous value.
So, by declaring variable as volatile.. it gives garrantee that you will get the latest value, which may be alterred by an external event.
your code may be work fine if haven't declare that variable as volatile, but there may be chance of not getting correct value sometimes.. so to avoid that we should declare variable as volatile.
volatile is generally used when dealing with external events, like interrupts of hardware related pins.
Example. reading adc values.
const voltile means you can not modify or alter the value of that variable in code. only external event can change the value.
controller pins are generally defines as volatile. may be by declaring variable as volatile controller will do "read by pin" not "read by latch"... this is my assumtion. may be wrong...
but still there is lots of confusion when to choose variable as volatile..
A variable should be declared volatile whenever its value could change unexpectedly. In practice, only three types of variables could change:
Memory-mapped peripheral registers
Global variables modified by an interrupt service routine
Global variables within a multi-threaded application
The const qualifier explicitly declares a data object as something that cannot be changed. Its value is set at initialization. You cannot use const data objects in expressions requiring a modifiable lvalue. For example, a const data object cannot appear on the lefthand side of an assignment statement
int const volatile var
const int a;
int const a;
const int *a;
int * const a;
int const * a const;
Yes. The const modifier means that this code cannot change the value
of the variable, but that does not mean that the value cannot be
changed by means outside this code. For instance, in the example the timer structure was accessed through a volatile const pointer. The function itself did not change the value of the timer, so it was declared const. However, the value was changed by hardware on the computer, so it was declared volatile. If a variable is both const and volatile, the two modifiers can appear in either order.
Pointer String and array question :
A pointer is a variable whose value is the address of another variable, i.e., direct address of the memory location. Like any variable or constant, you must declare a pointer before you can use it to store any variable address. The general form of a pointer variable declaration is:
A dangling pointer points to memory that has already been freed. The storage is no longer allocated. Trying to access it might cause a Segmentation fault.
Common way to end up with a dangling pointer:
Another common dangling pointer example is an access of a memory location via pointer, after free has been explicitly called on that memory.
Null pointer is special reserved value of a pointer. A pointer of any type has such a reserved value. Formally, each specific pointer type (int*, char*) has its own dedicated null-pointer value. Conceptually, when a pointer has that null value it is not pointing anywhere.
4. What is void Pointer?
Ans:
Void pointer or generic pointer is a special type of pointer that can be pointed at objects of any data type. A void pointer is declared like a normal pointer, using the void keyword as the pointer’s type.
Pointers defined using specific data type cannot hold the address of the some other type of variable i.e., it is incorrect in C++ to assign the address of an integer variable to a pointer of type float.
Example:
float *f; //pointer of type float
int i; //integer variable
f = &i; //compilation error
The above problem can be solved by general purpose pointer called void pointer.
Void pointer can be declared as follows:
void *v // defines a pointer of type void
The pointer defined in this manner do not have any type associated with them and can hold the address of any type of variable.
Example:
void *v;
int *i;
int ivar;
char chvar;
float fvar;
v = &ivar; // valid
v = &chvar; //valid
v = &fvar; // valid
i = &ivar; //valid
i = &chvar; //invalid
i = &fvar; //invalid
5. What is memory leakage? How can we avoid it?
Ans :
Memory leak occurs when programmers create a memory in heap and forget to delete it.
Memory leaks are particularly serious issues for programs like daemons and servers which by definition never terminate.
Sizeof of pointer in 32 bit machine is always 4 bytes.
int main()
{
int *p = NULL;
if(sizeof(p) == 4)
printf("Machine is 32 bit\n");
else
printf("Machine is 64 bit\n");
return 0;
}
In C programming, one of the frequently arising problem is to handle similar types of data. For example: If the user want to store marks of 100 students. This can be done by creating 100 variable individually but, this process is rather tedious and impracticable. These type of problem can be handled in C programming using arrays.
An array is a sequence of data item of homogeneous value(same type).
No, Because once we initialize the array variable, the pointer points base address only & it's fixed and constant pointer.
int *ptr = (int*) (a+1);
But when you increment these two pointers/addresses, ie as
int arr[10];
int *ptr = arr;
ptr++;
arr++;
return 0;
}
Ans:
The statement arr++ will give you lvalue error. Because hear you are trying to increment base address of array and by default base address of array is constant pointer(constant value) so,
arr = arr+1;
i.e according to rule on LHS of assignment operator there always should be lvalue i.e variable not constant.
The string in C programming language is actually a one-dimensional array of characters which is terminated by a null character '\0'. Thus a null-terminated string contains the characters that comprise the string followed by a null.
char ptr[] = "string";
char *ptr = "string";
Ans:
The two declarations are not the same.
First one is the array of character i.e. string and second one is the string literals.
#define sizeof(var) ( (char*)(&var+1) - (char*) (&var))
int main()
{
int val;
printf("size of = %d\n", SIZEOF(val));
return 0;
}
#define SIZEOF(var) ( (char*)(&var+1) - (char*) (&var))
int main()
{
struct s {
int a;
char b;
int c;
};
struct s obj[1];
printf("size of = %ld\n", SIZEOF(obj));
return 0;
}
int main()
{
char str[] = "vishnu";
printf("%d %d\n",sizeof(str),strlen(str));
}
Ans:
7 6
Here char str[] = " 'v'. 'i' ,'s','h','n',u','\0' ";
so sizeof operator always count null character whereas strlen skip null character.
Ans:
int my_strlen(const char * str)
{
int count;
while(* str != '\0') {
count++;
str++;
}
return 0;
}
void my_strcpy(char * dest, const char* src)
{
while(* src != '\0') {
*dest = *src;
dest++;
src++;
}
*dest = '\0';
}
void my_strrev(char *str,size)
{
int i;
char temp;
for(i=0;i<=size/2;i++) {
temp = str[i];
str[i] = str[size-i];
str[size-i] = temp;
}
}
int main()
{
char str[10] = "vishnu";
int len;
len = strlen(str);
my_strrev(str,len-1);
printf("strrev = %s\n",str);
return 0;
}
void my_strcmp(char * dest, const char* src)
{
while(*str != '\0' && *dest != '\0') {
str++;
dest++;
}
return (*src - *dest);
}
int main()
{
char str[10];
char dest[10];
int i;
i = my_strcmp(dest,src);
if(i == 0 )
printf("strings are equal\n");
if(i < 0)
printf(" string1 is less than string2\n");
if(i > 0)
printf("string2 is greter than string1\n");
return 0;
}
void my_strncpy(char * dest, const char* src,int n)
{
while(*src != '\0' && n != 0) {
*dest = *src;
dest++;
src++;
n--;
}
while(n) {
*dest = '\0';
n--;
}
}
int main()
{
char string[25], reverse_string[25] = {'\0'};
int i, length = 0, flag = 0;
fflush(stdin);
printf("Enter a string \n");
gets(string);
for (i = 0; string[i] != '\0'; i++) {
length++;
}
for (i = length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
reverse_string[length - i - 1] = string[i];
}
if(strcmp(string,reverse_string) == 0 )
printf("%s is palindrome\n");
else
printf("%s is not palindrome\n");
return 0;
}
int main()
{
char sentence[80];
int i, vowels = 0, consonants = 0, special = 0;
printf("Enter a sentence \n");
gets(sentence);
for (i = 0; sentence[i] != '\0'; i++) {
if ((sentence[i] == 'a' || sentence[i] == 'e' || sentence[i] == 'i' || sentence[i] == 'o' || sentence[i] == 'u') || (sentence[i] == 'A' || sentence[i] == 'E' || sentence[i] == 'I' || sentence[i] == 'O' || sentence[i] == 'U')) {
vowels = vowels + 1;
}
else {
consonants = consonants + 1;
}
if (sentence[i] =='t' ||sentence[i] =='\0' || sentence[i] ==' ') {
special = special + 1;
}
}
consonants = consonants - special;
printf("No. of vowels in %s = %d\n", sentence, vowels);
printf("No. of consonants in %s = %d\n", sentence, consonants);
return 0;
}
Ans:
void is_little_or_big(int n)
{
int num = 0x01;
char * ptr = (char*)num;
if(*ptr == 1)
printf("little endian\n");
else
printf("big endian\n");
}
or
void is_little_or_big()
{
enum union {
int a;
char c[4];
};
enum endian obj;
obj.i = 1;
if(obj.c[0] == 1)
printf("Machine is little endian\n");
else
printf("machine is big endian\n");
}
Bit Manipulation :
int setbit(int num, int pos)
int setbit(int num)
void swap(int a, int b)
{
a = a ^ b;
b = a ^ b;
a = a ^ b;
}
void evnodd(int num)
{
if( (num) & (1) )
printf("odd");
else
printf("even");
}
void power(int num)
{
if( !( (num) & (num-1) ) )
printf("power of 2");
else
printf("num is not power of 2");
}
Given an unsigned integer, swap all odd bits with even bits. For example, if the given number is 23 (00010111), it should be converted to 43 (00101011). Every even position bit is swapped with adjacent bit on right side (even position bits are highlighted in binary representation of 23), and every odd position bit is swapped with adjacent on left side.
If we take a closer look at the example, we can observe that we basically need to right shift (>>) all even bits (In the above example, even bits of 23 are highlighted) by 1 so that they become odd bits (highlighted in 43), and left shift (<<) all odd bits by 1 so that they become even bits. The following solution is based on this observation. The solution assumes that input number is stored using 32 bits.
Let the input number be x
1) Get all even bits of x by doing bitwise and of x with 0xAAAAAAAA. The number 0xAAAAAAAA is a 32 bit number with all even bits set as 1 and all odd bits as 0.
2) Get all odd bits of x by doing bitwise and of x with 0x55555555. The number 0x55555555 is a 32 bit number with all odd bits set as 1 and all even bits as 0.
3) Right shift all even bits.
4) Left shift all odd bits.
5) Combine new even and odd bits and return.
Output:
{
return (num >> 2 & 0x11111111) |
(num << 2 & 0x44444444) |
( num & 0xAAAAAAAA);}
20. Write a code to extract nth to mth bit, where n
struct node *next;
};
struct node *head = NULL;
void checkcircular(struct node *head)
{
struct node * slow = head;
struct node * fast = head;
while( fast && fast->next) {
if(slow == fast->next->next) {
printf("Circular\n');
break;
}
else {
slow = slow->next;
fast = fats->next->next;
}
}
}
struct node {
int data;
struct node *next;
};
struct node *head = NULL:
void detectloop(struct node * head)
{
struct node * slow = head;
struct node * fast = head;
while(slow && fast && fast->next) {
slow = slow->next;
fast = fast->next->next;
if (slow == fast) {
printf("Loop detected\n');
break;
}
}
}
struct node {
int data;
struct node *next;
};
void findmiddle(struct node *head)
{
struct node * slow = head;
struct head * fast = head;
while (fast != NULL && fast->next != NULL) {
slow = slow->next;
fast = slow->next->next;
}
printf(" Middle element is %d\n", slow->data);
}
struct node {
int data;
struct node *next;
};
struct node * head = NULL:
int count_node(struct node * head)
{
int count = 0;
struct node * current = head;
while (current != NULL) {
count ++;
current = current->next;
}
return count;
}
struct get_intersection_mod(int d,struct node * head1, struct node * head2)
{
struct node current1 = head1;
struct node current2 = head2;
for(i=0;i cureent1 = current->next;
}
while(cuttent1 != NULL && current2 != NULL) {
if(current1 == current2) {
printf(" intersection node =%d\n", current1->data);
break;
}
current1 = current1->next;
current2 = current2->next;
}
}
void get_intersecton(struct node * head1, struct node * head2)
{
struct node *current = head1;
struct node *current = head2;
int c1, c2;
c1 = count_node(current1);
c2 = count_node(current2);
if(c1 > c2) {
d= c1 -c2;
get_intersection_mod(d,head1,head2);
}
else {
d = c2 -c1;
get_intersection_mod(d, head1,head2);
}
}
1. What are storage class specifier?
Ans: Please refer this link : http://cinterviewquestionandanswer.blogspot.in/2014/01/storage-class-specifier.html
2. What is static variable?
Ans :There are 3 main uses for the static.
1. If you declare within a function: It retains the value between function calls.
2. If it is declared for a function name: By default function is extern..so it will be visible from other files if the function declaration is as static..it is invisible for the outer files.
3. Static for global variables: By default we can use the global variables from outside files If it is static global..that variable is limited to with in the file.
3. What is difference between static and extern?
Ans:"The static storage class is used to declare an identifier that is a local variable either to a function or a file and that exists and retains its value after control passes from where it was declared. This storage class has a duration that is permanent. A variable declared of this class retains its value from one call of the function to the next. The scope is local. A variable is known only by the function it is declared within or if declared globally in a file, it is known or seen only by the functions within that file. This storage class guarantees that declaration of the variable also initializes the variable to zero or all bits off.
The extern storage class is used to declare a global variable that will be known to the functions in a file and capable of being known to all functions in a program. This storage class has a duration that is permanent. Any variable of this class retains its value until changed by another assignment. The scope is global. A variable can be known or seen by all functions within a program. ."
4. What is difference between static local and static global variable?
Ans:Static global :
Static variable has scope only in the file in which it is declared. it can't be accessed in any other file but its value remains intact if code is running in some other file means lifetime is in complete program .
Static local:
static local variable has scope in that function in which it is declared means it can't be used in other functions in the same file also, means scope is limited to the function in which it is declared while its life time is also through out the program.
5. Can we declare static variable in header file?
Ans:You can’t declare a static variable without defining it as well (this is because the storage class modifiers static and extern are mutuallyexclusive). A static variable can be defined in a header file, but this would cause each source file that included the header file to have its own private copy of the variable, which is probably not what was intended.
6. Can we declare main() function as static?
Ans:No. The C spec actually says somewhere in it that the main function cannot be static.
The reason for this is that static means "don't let anything outside this source file use this object". The benefit is that it protects against name collisions in C when you go to link (it would be bad bad bad if you had two globals both named "is_initialized" in different files... they'd get silently merged, unless you made them static). It also allows the compiler to perform certain optimizations that it wouldn't be able to otherwise. These two reasons are why static is a nice thing to have.
Since you can't access static functions from outside the file, how would the OS be able to access the main function to start your program? That's why main can't be static.
Some compilers treat "main" specially and might silently ignore you when you declare it static.
7. Draw memory layout of C program?
Ans :Refer This link: http://cinterviewquestionandanswer.blogspot.in/2014/01/memory-layout-of-c-programs.html
8.What is volatile variable means?
volatile has nothing to deal with storage class.
volatile just tells the compiler or force the compiler to "not to do the optimization" for that variable. so compiler would not optimize the code for that variable and reading the value from the specified location, not through interal register which holds the previous value.
So, by declaring variable as volatile.. it gives garrantee that you will get the latest value, which may be alterred by an external event.
your code may be work fine if haven't declare that variable as volatile, but there may be chance of not getting correct value sometimes.. so to avoid that we should declare variable as volatile.
volatile is generally used when dealing with external events, like interrupts of hardware related pins.
Example. reading adc values.
const voltile means you can not modify or alter the value of that variable in code. only external event can change the value.
controller pins are generally defines as volatile. may be by declaring variable as volatile controller will do "read by pin" not "read by latch"... this is my assumtion. may be wrong...
but still there is lots of confusion when to choose variable as volatile..
A variable should be declared volatile whenever its value could change unexpectedly. In practice, only three types of variables could change:
Memory-mapped peripheral registers
Global variables modified by an interrupt service routine
Global variables within a multi-threaded application
9. What does keyword const means?
Ans:The const qualifier explicitly declares a data object as something that cannot be changed. Its value is set at initialization. You cannot use const data objects in expressions requiring a modifiable lvalue. For example, a const data object cannot appear on the lefthand side of an assignment statement
int const volatile var
10. What do the following declaration means?
const int a;
int const a;
const int *a;
int * const a;
int const * a const;
11. Can we use const keyword with volatile variable?
Ans:Yes. The const modifier means that this code cannot change the value
of the variable, but that does not mean that the value cannot be
changed by means outside this code. For instance, in the example the timer structure was accessed through a volatile const pointer. The function itself did not change the value of the timer, so it was declared const. However, the value was changed by hardware on the computer, so it was declared volatile. If a variable is both const and volatile, the two modifiers can appear in either order.
Pointer String and array question :
1. What are pointers?
Ans:A pointer is a variable whose value is the address of another variable, i.e., direct address of the memory location. Like any variable or constant, you must declare a pointer before you can use it to store any variable address. The general form of a pointer variable declaration is:
type *var-name;Here, type is the pointer's base type; it must be a valid C data type and var-name is the name of the pointer variable. The asterisk * you used to declare a pointer is the same asterisk that you use for multiplication. However, in this statement the asterisk is being used to designate a variable as a pointer. Following are the valid pointer declaration:
int *ip; /* pointer to an integer */ double *dp; /* pointer to a double */ float *fp; /* pointer to a float */ char *ch /* pointer to a character */The actual data type of the value of all pointers, whether integer, float, character, or otherwise, is the same, a long hexadecimal number that represents a memory address. The only difference between pointers of different data types is the data type of the variable or constant that the pointer points to.
2. What is dangling pointer?
Ans:A dangling pointer points to memory that has already been freed. The storage is no longer allocated. Trying to access it might cause a Segmentation fault.
Common way to end up with a dangling pointer:
char* func()
{
char str[10];
strcpy(str,"Hello!");
return(str);
}
//returned pointer points to str which has gone out of scope. Another common dangling pointer example is an access of a memory location via pointer, after free has been explicitly called on that memory.
int *c = malloc(sizeof(int));
free(c);
*c = 3; //writing to freed location!3. What is NULL pointer?
Ans:Null pointer is special reserved value of a pointer. A pointer of any type has such a reserved value. Formally, each specific pointer type (int*, char*) has its own dedicated null-pointer value. Conceptually, when a pointer has that null value it is not pointing anywhere.
4. What is void Pointer?
Ans:
Void pointer or generic pointer is a special type of pointer that can be pointed at objects of any data type. A void pointer is declared like a normal pointer, using the void keyword as the pointer’s type.
Pointers defined using specific data type cannot hold the address of the some other type of variable i.e., it is incorrect in C++ to assign the address of an integer variable to a pointer of type float.
Example:
float *f; //pointer of type float
int i; //integer variable
f = &i; //compilation error
The above problem can be solved by general purpose pointer called void pointer.
Void pointer can be declared as follows:
void *v // defines a pointer of type void
The pointer defined in this manner do not have any type associated with them and can hold the address of any type of variable.
Example:
void *v;
int *i;
int ivar;
char chvar;
float fvar;
v = &ivar; // valid
v = &chvar; //valid
v = &fvar; // valid
i = &ivar; //valid
i = &chvar; //invalid
i = &fvar; //invalid
5. What is memory leakage? How can we avoid it?
Ans :
Memory leak occurs when programmers create a memory in heap and forget to delete it.
Memory leaks are particularly serious issues for programs like daemons and servers which by definition never terminate.
/* Function with memory leak */ #includeTo avoid memory leaks, memory allocated on heap should always be freed when no longer needed.void f() { int *ptr = (int *) malloc(sizeof(int)); /* Do some work */ return; /* Return without freeing ptr*/ }
/* Function without memory leak */ #include; void f() { int *ptr = (int *) malloc(sizeof(int)); /* Do some work */ free(ptr); return; }
6. What is the size of pointer in 32 bit machine?
Ans:Sizeof of pointer in 32 bit machine is always 4 bytes.
7. Write a program to find weather machine is 32 bit or 64 bit?
Ans:int main()
{
int *p = NULL;
if(sizeof(p) == 4)
printf("Machine is 32 bit\n");
else
printf("Machine is 64 bit\n");
return 0;
}
8. What is array?
Ans:In C programming, one of the frequently arising problem is to handle similar types of data. For example: If the user want to store marks of 100 students. This can be done by creating 100 variable individually but, this process is rather tedious and impracticable. These type of problem can be handled in C programming using arrays.
An array is a sequence of data item of homogeneous value(same type).
9. What is difference between array and pointer?
Ans:
An array is an array and a pointer is a pointer, but in most cases array names are converted to pointers.
Here is an array:
int a[7]
a contains space for seven integers, and you can put a value in one of them with an assignment, like this:
a[3] = 9;
Here is a pointer:
int *p;
p doesn't contain any spaces for integers, but it can point to a space for an integer. We can for example set it to point to one of the places in the array a, such as the first one:
p = &a[0];
What can be confusing is that you can also write this:
p = a;
This does not copy the contents of the array a into the pointer p (whatever that would mean). Instead, the array name a is converted to a pointer to its first element. So that assignment does the same as the previous one.
Now you can use p in a similar way to an array:
p[3] = 17;
The reason that this works is that the array dereferencing operator in C, "[ ]", is defined in terms of pointers. x[y] means: start with the pointer x, step y elements forward after what the pointer points to, and then take whatever is there. Using pointer arithmetic syntax, x[y] can also be written as *(x+y).
For this to work with a normal array, such as our a, the name a in a[3] must first be converted to a pointer (to the first element in a). Then we step 3 elements forward, and take whatever is there. In other words: take the element at position 3 in the array. (Which is the fourth element in the array, since the first one is numbered 0.)
So, in summary, array names in a C program are (in most cases) converted to pointers. One exception is when we use the sizeof operator on an array. If a was converted to a pointer in this contest, sizeof(a) would give the size of a pointer and not of the actual array, which would be rather useless, so in that case a means the array itself.
Here is an array:
int a[7]
a contains space for seven integers, and you can put a value in one of them with an assignment, like this:
a[3] = 9;
Here is a pointer:
int *p;
p doesn't contain any spaces for integers, but it can point to a space for an integer. We can for example set it to point to one of the places in the array a, such as the first one:
p = &a[0];
What can be confusing is that you can also write this:
p = a;
This does not copy the contents of the array a into the pointer p (whatever that would mean). Instead, the array name a is converted to a pointer to its first element. So that assignment does the same as the previous one.
Now you can use p in a similar way to an array:
p[3] = 17;
The reason that this works is that the array dereferencing operator in C, "[ ]", is defined in terms of pointers. x[y] means: start with the pointer x, step y elements forward after what the pointer points to, and then take whatever is there. Using pointer arithmetic syntax, x[y] can also be written as *(x+y).
For this to work with a normal array, such as our a, the name a in a[3] must first be converted to a pointer (to the first element in a). Then we step 3 elements forward, and take whatever is there. In other words: take the element at position 3 in the array. (Which is the fourth element in the array, since the first one is numbered 0.)
So, in summary, array names in a C program are (in most cases) converted to pointers. One exception is when we use the sizeof operator on an array. If a was converted to a pointer in this contest, sizeof(a) would give the size of a pointer and not of the actual array, which would be rather useless, so in that case a means the array itself.
10. Can we increment the base address of array? Justify your answer.
Ans:No, Because once we initialize the array variable, the pointer points base address only & it's fixed and constant pointer.
11. What is the output of program.
int a[5] = {1,2,3,4,5};
int *ptr = (int*) (&a +1);
int *ptr = (int*) (a+1);
Ans: you see, for your program above,But it's not so!!Base address of an array (aand&awill have the same numerical value,and I believe that's where your whole confusion lies.You may wonder that if they are the same,the following should give the next address afterain both cases,going by pointer arithmetic:(&a+1) and (a+1)
a here) and Address of an array are not same! a and &a might be same numerically ,but they are not the same type. a is of type int* while &a is of type int (*)[5],ie , &a is a pointer to (address of ) and array of size 5.But a as you know is the address of the first element of the array.Numerically they are the same as you can see from the illustration using ^ below.But when you increment these two pointers/addresses, ie as
(a+1) and (&a+1),
the arithmetic is totally different.While in the first case it "jumps"
to the address of the next element in the array, in the latter case it jumps by 5 elements as that's what the size of an array of 5 elements.
12. What is output of the program?
int main()
{int arr[10];
int *ptr = arr;
ptr++;
arr++;
return 0;
}
Ans:
The statement arr++ will give you lvalue error. Because hear you are trying to increment base address of array and by default base address of array is constant pointer(constant value) so,
arr = arr+1;
i.e according to rule on LHS of assignment operator there always should be lvalue i.e variable not constant.
13. What is string?
Ans:The string in C programming language is actually a one-dimensional array of characters which is terminated by a null character '\0'. Thus a null-terminated string contains the characters that comprise the string followed by a null.
14. What is difference between these two,
char ptr[] = "string";
char *ptr = "string";
Ans:
The two declarations are not the same.
First one is the array of character i.e. string and second one is the string literals.
char ptr[] = "string"; declares a char array of size 7 and initializes it with the characters s ,t,r,i,n,g and \0. You are allowed to modify the contents of this array.
char *ptr = "string"; declares ptr as a char pointer and initializes it with address of string literal "string" which is read-only. Modifying a string literal is an undefined behavior. What you saw(seg fault) is one manifestation of the undefined behavior.15. Write a program to find size of variable without using sizeof operator?
Ans:#define sizeof(var) ( (char*)(&var+1) - (char*) (&var))
int main()
{
int val;
printf("size of = %d\n", SIZEOF(val));
return 0;
}
16. Write a program to find sizeof structure without using size of operator?
Ans:#define SIZEOF(var) ( (char*)(&var+1) - (char*) (&var))
int main()
{
struct s {
int a;
char b;
int c;
};
struct s obj[1];
printf("size of = %ld\n", SIZEOF(obj));
return 0;
}
17. What is the output of following program?
int main()
{
char str[] = "vishnu";
printf("%d %d\n",sizeof(str),strlen(str));
}
Ans:
7 6
Here char str[] = " 'v'. 'i' ,'s','h','n',u','\0' ";
so sizeof operator always count null character whereas strlen skip null character.
18. Write a program to implement strlen(), strcpy(),strncpy(), strrev(),strcmp() function"?
Ans:
1. strlen:
int my_strlen(const char * str)
{
int count;
while(* str != '\0') {
count++;
str++;
}
return 0;
}
2. strcpy:
void my_strcpy(char * dest, const char* src)
{
while(* src != '\0') {
*dest = *src;
dest++;
src++;
}
*dest = '\0';
}
3. strrev:
void my_strrev(char *str,size)
{
int i;
char temp;
for(i=0;i<=size/2;i++) {
temp = str[i];
str[i] = str[size-i];
str[size-i] = temp;
}
}
int main()
{
char str[10] = "vishnu";
int len;
len = strlen(str);
my_strrev(str,len-1);
printf("strrev = %s\n",str);
return 0;
}
4. strcmp :
void my_strcmp(char * dest, const char* src)
{
while(*str != '\0' && *dest != '\0') {
str++;
dest++;
}
return (*src - *dest);
}
int main()
{
char str[10];
char dest[10];
int i;
i = my_strcmp(dest,src);
if(i == 0 )
printf("strings are equal\n");
if(i < 0)
printf(" string1 is less than string2\n");
if(i > 0)
printf("string2 is greter than string1\n");
return 0;
}
5. strncpy
void my_strncpy(char * dest, const char* src,int n)
{
while(*src != '\0' && n != 0) {
*dest = *src;
dest++;
src++;
n--;
}
while(n) {
*dest = '\0';
n--;
}
}
19 . Write a program to implement above function using recursion?
20 . Write a program to check weather string is palindrome or not?
int main()
{
char string[25], reverse_string[25] = {'\0'};
int i, length = 0, flag = 0;
fflush(stdin);
printf("Enter a string \n");
gets(string);
for (i = 0; string[i] != '\0'; i++) {
length++;
}
for (i = length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
reverse_string[length - i - 1] = string[i];
}
if(strcmp(string,reverse_string) == 0 )
printf("%s is palindrome\n");
else
printf("%s is not palindrome\n");
return 0;
}
21 . Write a program to count total number of vowel,consonant present in given string?
Ans:int main()
{
char sentence[80];
int i, vowels = 0, consonants = 0, special = 0;
printf("Enter a sentence \n");
gets(sentence);
for (i = 0; sentence[i] != '\0'; i++) {
if ((sentence[i] == 'a' || sentence[i] == 'e' || sentence[i] == 'i' || sentence[i] == 'o' || sentence[i] == 'u') || (sentence[i] == 'A' || sentence[i] == 'E' || sentence[i] == 'I' || sentence[i] == 'O' || sentence[i] == 'U')) {
vowels = vowels + 1;
}
else {
consonants = consonants + 1;
}
if (sentence[i] =='t' ||sentence[i] =='\0' || sentence[i] ==' ') {
special = special + 1;
}
}
consonants = consonants - special;
printf("No. of vowels in %s = %d\n", sentence, vowels);
printf("No. of consonants in %s = %d\n", sentence, consonants);
return 0;
}
22. Write a function to find whether machine is little endian or big endian.?
Ans:
void is_little_or_big(int n)
{
int num = 0x01;
char * ptr = (char*)num;
if(*ptr == 1)
printf("little endian\n");
else
printf("big endian\n");
}
or
void is_little_or_big()
{
enum union {
int a;
char c[4];
};
enum endian obj;
obj.i = 1;
if(obj.c[0] == 1)
printf("Machine is little endian\n");
else
printf("machine is big endian\n");
}
Write a program to find occurrence of particular key in given string?
Write a program to move all 0's to one side and 1's on ther side of array?
Write a program to find largest element in an array?
Write a program to find second largest element from array?
Bit Manipulation :
1. Write a program to count total number of setbit in 32 bit number?
int countset(int num)
{
int count = 0;
while (num) {
if( ((num) & 1) == 1)
count++;
num = num >> 1;
}
return count;
}
or
unsigned int countsetbit(int num)
{
int count = 0;
while(num != 0) {
count ++;
num = num & (num-1);
num = num & (num-1);
}
return count;
}
2. Write a program to set n th bit in 32 bit number?
int setbit(int num, int pos)
{
num = num | 1 << pos;
}
3. Write a program to count total number of reset bit in 32 bit integer?
int setbit(int num)
{
int count = 0;
while (num) {
if( ((num) & 1) == 0)
count++;
num = num >> 1;
}
return count;
}
4. Write a program to reset nth bit in 32 bit number?
int resetbit(int num, int pos)
{
num = num & ~(1 << pos);
}
5. Write a program to swap nibble of a 1byte data?
6. Write a program to swap two variable using bitwise operator?
void swap(int a, int b)
{
a = a ^ b;
b = a ^ b;
a = a ^ b;
}
7. Write a program to find number is even or odd?
void evnodd(int num)
{
if( (num) & (1) )
printf("odd");
else
printf("even");
}
8. Write a program to find number is power of 2 or not?
void power(int num)
{
if( !( (num) & (num-1) ) )
printf("power of 2");
else
printf("num is not power of 2");
}
9 Write a function to swap even bits with consecutive odd bits in a number.
e.g. bo swapped with b1,b2 sawpped with b3 and so on.
Given an unsigned integer, swap all odd bits with even bits. For example, if the given number is 23 (00010111), it should be converted to 43 (00101011). Every even position bit is swapped with adjacent bit on right side (even position bits are highlighted in binary representation of 23), and every odd position bit is swapped with adjacent on left side.
If we take a closer look at the example, we can observe that we basically need to right shift (>>) all even bits (In the above example, even bits of 23 are highlighted) by 1 so that they become odd bits (highlighted in 43), and left shift (<<) all odd bits by 1 so that they become even bits. The following solution is based on this observation. The solution assumes that input number is stored using 32 bits.
Let the input number be x
1) Get all even bits of x by doing bitwise and of x with 0xAAAAAAAA. The number 0xAAAAAAAA is a 32 bit number with all even bits set as 1 and all odd bits as 0.
2) Get all odd bits of x by doing bitwise and of x with 0x55555555. The number 0x55555555 is a 32 bit number with all odd bits set as 1 and all even bits as 0.
3) Right shift all even bits.
4) Left shift all odd bits.
5) Combine new even and odd bits and return.
// C program to swap even and odd bits of a given number#include unsigned int swapBits(unsigned int x){ // Get all even bits of x unsigned int even_bits = x & 0xAAAAAAAA; // Get all odd bits of x unsigned int odd_bits = x & 0×55555555; even_bits >>= 1; // Right shift even bits odd_bits <<= 1; // Left shift odd bits return (even_bits | odd_bits); // Combine even and odd bits}// Driver program to test above functionint main(){ unsigned int x = 23; // 00010111 // Output is 43 (00101011) printf("%u ", swapBits(x)); return 0;}43
10. Write a function to set a particular bit.
unsigned int setbit(unsigned inr num,int pos)
{
num = num | (1 << pos);
return num;
}
11. Write a function to clear a particular bit.
unsigned int clear(unsigned inr num,int pos)
{
num = num & ~ (1 << pos);
return num;
}
12. Write a function to toggle particular bit.
unsigned int togglebit(unsigned inr num,int pos)
{
num = num ^ (1 << pos);
return num;
}
13. Write a function to swap even bits with consecutive odd bits in a number.
e.g. b0 swapped with b1, b2 swapped with b3 and so on.
unsigned int swap_bits(unsigned int num) { return (num >> 1 & 0x55555555) | (num << 1 & 0xAAAAAAAA); }
14. Write a function to swap odd bits in a number.
e.g. b1 swapped with b3, b5 swapped with b7 and so on.
unsigned int swap_odd_bits(unsigned int num) { return (num >> 2 & 0x22222222) | (num << 2 & 0x88888888) | ( num & 0x55555555) ;
}
15. Write a function to swap even bits in a number.
e.g. b0 swapped with b2, b4 swapped with b6 and so on.
unsigned int swap_even_bits(unsigned int num){
return (num >> 2 & 0x11111111) |
(num << 2 & 0x44444444) |
( num & 0xAAAAAAAA);}
16. Write a function to find out the number of 1s in a number.
unsigned int num_of_ones(unsigned int num)
{
if( (count_ones(num) & 1)
return ODD;
else
return EVEN;
}
17. Write a function for finding the first lowest bit set in a number.
unsigned int first_lowest_bit(unsigned num)
{
int count =0;
while(num) {
count ++;
if( (num) & 1 == 1)
break;
num = num >> 1;
}
return count;
}
18. Write a function for finding the higest bit set in a number.
unsigned int first_highest_bit(unsigned num)
{
int count =0;
while(num) {
count ++;
if( (num & (1 << 31) ) == 1)
break;
num = num << 31;
return count;
}
19 Write a function for reversing the bits in a number.
unsigned int reverse_bit(unsigned num)
{
unsigned int NO_OF_BITS = sizeof(num) * 8;
unsigned int temp,rev=0;
for(i=0; i <= NO_OF_BITS -1 ;i++) {
if(temp) {
rev |= (1 << ((NO_OF_BITS-1)-i);
}
return rev;
}
20. Write a code to extract nth to mth bit, where n
(num >> n) & ~(~ 0 << (m-n+1))
21. write a code for toggling nth to m bits,where n < m
21. write a code for toggling nth to m bits,where n < m
num ^ ((~ 0 << n) & ( ~0 >> (31-m)))
22. Write a code for setting nth to mth bit, where n < m
num | ((~0 << n) & (~0 >>(31-m)))
23. write a code for clearing nth to mth bit, where n < m
num & ~((~0 << n) & (~0 >> (31-m)))
Link List Question:
1. How to check whether linked list is circular or not.
Ans:
struct node {
int data;struct node *next;
};
struct node *head = NULL;
void checkcircular(struct node *head)
{
struct node * slow = head;
struct node * fast = head;
while( fast && fast->next) {
if(slow == fast->next->next) {
printf("Circular\n');
break;
}
else {
slow = slow->next;
fast = fats->next->next;
}
}
}
2. How would you find a loop in a singly linked list?
struct node {
int data;
struct node *next;
};
struct node *head = NULL:
void detectloop(struct node * head)
{
struct node * slow = head;
struct node * fast = head;
while(slow && fast && fast->next) {
slow = slow->next;
fast = fast->next->next;
if (slow == fast) {
printf("Loop detected\n');
break;
}
}
}
3. Write a C function to print the middle of a given linked list.
struct node {
int data;
struct node *next;
};
void findmiddle(struct node *head)
{
struct node * slow = head;
struct head * fast = head;
while (fast != NULL && fast->next != NULL) {
slow = slow->next;
fast = slow->next->next;
}
printf(" Middle element is %d\n", slow->data);
}
4. Write a c program to get the intersection point of two singly linked lists.
struct node {
int data;
struct node *next;
};
struct node * head = NULL:
int count_node(struct node * head)
{
int count = 0;
struct node * current = head;
while (current != NULL) {
count ++;
current = current->next;
}
return count;
}
struct get_intersection_mod(int d,struct node * head1, struct node * head2)
{
struct node current1 = head1;
struct node current2 = head2;
for(i=0;i
}
while(cuttent1 != NULL && current2 != NULL) {
if(current1 == current2) {
printf(" intersection node =%d\n", current1->data);
break;
}
current1 = current1->next;
current2 = current2->next;
}
}
void get_intersecton(struct node * head1, struct node * head2)
{
struct node *current = head1;
struct node *current = head2;
int c1, c2;
c1 = count_node(current1);
c2 = count_node(current2);
if(c1 > c2) {
d= c1 -c2;
get_intersection_mod(d,head1,head2);
}
else {
d = c2 -c1;
get_intersection_mod(d, head1,head2);
}
}
